The Japanese and Korean governments funded collaborative studies to follow up on a previous study by the U.S. National Toxicology Program. Both studies evaluated the impact of RF signals at levels in line with international human safety guidelines. The Japanese study found that long-term exposure “did not produce reproducible carcinogenic or genotoxic effects in male rats,” and the Korean study concurred, finding long-term exposure at these levels “was neither carcinogenic nor genotoxic” for male rats.